Fifth - virtual machine, operating system, programming language
-Table of Contents
--
-
- 1. General - - -
- 2. !Project deprecated! -
- 3. Introduction - - -
- 4. Installation -
- 5. Fifth distribution directory tree description -
- 6. Requirements
+- -
- 7. Numbers representation within Fifth
-- 8. Disk file map, and it's data structures +
- 1. General
-- 9. Core architecture +
- 2. !Project deprecated!
+- 3. Introduction
-- 10. Virtual machine +
- 4. Installation
+- 5. Fifth distribution directory tree description
+- 6. Requirements
-- 11. Fifth source format +
- 7. Numbers representation within Fifth
+- 8. Disk file map, and it's data structures
-- 12. Fifth commands +
- 9. Core architecture
-- 13. Dynamically loadable modules +
- 10. Dynamically loadable modules @@ -335,8 +253,8 @@ pre {background-color: #111; color: #ccc;}
1 General
+1. General
- This program is free software: released under Creative Commons Zero @@ -352,8 +270,9 @@ pre {background-color: #111; color: #ccc;}
- Other software projects hosted at svjatoslav.eu
1.1 Source code
+ +1.1. Source code
- Download latest snapshot in TAR GZ format @@ -371,8 +290,8 @@ git clone https://www2.svjatoslav.eu/git/fifth.git
2 !Project deprecated!
+2. !Project deprecated!
Current implementation does not support object oriented @@ -391,26 +310,24 @@ operating system.
3 Introduction
+3. Introduction
-Fifth is programming lanquage & operating system, running on virtual -machine, with custom instruction set. It is much like Charles Chunk -Moore's Forth, it also uses stack architecture, and many commands are -similar. Basically I got familiar with concepts of Forth, and being -inspired created my own system. +Fifth is a combination of:
--
-
- Example Fifth source file - text editor +
- Programming language (inspired by Forth). +
- Operating system. +
- Virtual machine with custom instruction set.
3.1 screenshots
+ +3.1. Screenshots
Sample words defined. Most of the words are commands that can be -executed interactively from command line or from file. When executed -they can be selectively compiled or interpreted. +executed interactively from the command line or from a file. When +executed, they can be selectively compiled or interpreted.
-
4 Installation
+4. Installation
Just unpack all files, witout altering original directory structure, -somewhere in your hard disk. For example: C:\MISC\FIFTH\…. To run -fifth you need minimally just 2 files. emulator itself ( EMULATOR.EXE -or EMULATOR.COM ), and virtual disk file ( DISK.RAW ). +somewhere in your hard disk. For example:
++C:\MISC\FIFTH\ ++ +
-Read more about Fifth distribution directory tree description. +To run fifth you need minimally just 2 files: +
+-
+
- EMULATOR.COM
- Virtual CPU emulator +
- DISK.RAW
- Virtual disk file +
+For more information, please refer to Fifth distribution directory +tree description.
5 Fifth distribution directory tree description
+5. Fifth distribution directory tree description
After downloading and unpacking the ZIP file you shoud get directory @@ -487,67 +416,74 @@ tree similar to this:
6 Requirements
+6. Requirements
6.1 Software
+6.1. Software
-
-
- MS-DOS 6.22, with HIMEM.SYS loaded. -
- Mouse driver if you have a mouse. -
- Does work only when CPU is in real mode. -
- To recompile ASM sources I used FASM (Flat Assembler). -
- I ran QBasic utilities on QB 4.5 . -
- VESA support by BIOS, or external driver (UNIVBE). +
- MS-DOS 6.22 with HIMEM.SYS loaded. +
- Mouse driver (optional, if you have a mouse). +
- CPU is initialized into Unreal Mode during operation. +
- To recompile ASM sources, you can use FASM (Flat Assembler). +
- To run Quick Basic utilities, use Microsoft Quick Basic 4.5. +
- VESA support through BIOS or external driver (UNIVBE).
6.2 Hardware
+ +6.2. Hardware
-
-
- Minimum CPU 386. -
- 64 KB free RAM below 640KB, -
- 2 MB of free XMS. -
- VESA compatible video card. -
6.3 Human
--
-
- Beginner level Forth knowledge is recommended. -
- Lots of enthusiasm. +
- A minimum of a i386 CPU. +
- 64 KB of free RAM below 640KB. +
- 2 MB of free extended memory. +
- A VESA-compatible video card.
7 Numbers representation within Fifth
+ +7. Numbers representation within Fifth
+Because we are in full experimentation mode here (no regard for +compatibility whatsoever), why not to try also alternative number +representation ? +
+ ++Here alternative hexadecimal number representation format is devised: +
-
-Because I can define everything, starting from CPU, why not try also -alternative and unique number representation ? +Essentially square is split into 4 triangles. Each triangle represents +one bit. +
+ ++Fifth uses this hexadecimal format as primary throughout entire +system.
-Fifth uses its hexdecimal number representation as primary. Numbers -shape is formed by dividing a square into four parts. And manipulating -their color (black or white). +See also: Bibi-binary.
8 Disk file map, and it's data structures
+ +8. Disk file map, and it's data structures
Core and high-level boot code is stored outside of the filesystem to @@ -555,8 +491,8 @@ allow easy access to it, at early booting time, when filesystem is not yet initialized.
8.1 Disk allocation
+8.1. Disk allocation
8.2 FAT entry format:
+8.2. FAT entry format:
8.3 File entry format
+8.3. File entry format
9.3 Memory map
+9.3. Memory map
| IP | -instruction pointer | -
| DSP | -data stack pointer | -
| RSP | -return stack pointer | -
10.1 instruction set
-10.1.1 overview table
--Virtual CPU, commands (most of them are avaiable as ordinary commands -in programming language): -
- - -| # | -name | -stack footprint | -description | -
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | -nop | --- | -does nothing | -
| 1 | -halt | --- | -halt CPU ( return to DOS on emulator ) | -
| 2 | -kbd@ | -– c | -read scancode of pressed or released key | -
| 3 | -num <dword> | -– n | -put immidiate number into datastack | -
| 4 | -jmp <dword> | --- | -jump to specified code | -
| 5 | -call <dword> | -- | jump to specified code, save return address to return stack | -
| 6 | -1+ | -n – n+1 | -- |
| 7 | -1- | -n – n-1 | -- |
| 8 | -dup | -n – n n | -duplicate top of data stack | -
| 9 | -drop | -n -- | -drop last element in data stack | -
| 10 | -if <dword> | -n -- | -jump to addr if top element was 0 | -
| 11 | -ret | -- | jump to code, specified in return stack. | -
| 12 | -c@ | -addr – n | -read byte from memory at specified address | -
| 13 | -c! | -n addr -- | -store byte to specified memory | -
| 14 | -push | -DSTK -> RSTK | -move top of datastack to returnstack | -
| 15 | -pop | -RSTK -> DSTK | -move top of returnstack to datastack | -
| 16 | -<unused> | -- | - |
| 17 | -rot | -n1 n2 n3 – n2 n3 n1 | -rotate stack elements | -
| 18 | -disk@ | -FromDiskSect ToMem -- | -read 1KB from disk into RAM | -
| 19 | -disk! | -FromMem ToDiskSect -- | -write 1KB to disk | -
| 20 | -@ | -addr – n | -read 32 bit number from memory | -
| 21 | -! | -n addr -- | -store 32 bit number to memory | -
| 22 | -over | -n1 n2 – n1 n2 n1 | -- |
| 23 | -swap | -n1 n2 – n2 n1 | -- |
| 24 | -+ | -n1 n2 – n1+n2 | -- |
| 25 | -- | -n1 n2 – n1-n2 | -- |
| 26 | -* | -n1 n2 – n1*n2 | -- |
| 27 | -/ | -n1 n2 – n1/n2 | -- |
| 28 | -> | -n1 n2 – result | -is true when n1 > n2 | -
| 29 | -< | -n1 n2 – result | -is true when n1 < n2 | -
| 30 | -not | -n1 – not_n1 | -logical not | -
| 31 | -i | -– n | -copies top of return stack into datastack | -
| 32 | -cprt@ | -addr – n | -read one byte from hardware port | -
| 33 | -cprt! | -n addr -- | -store one byte to hardware port | -
| 34 | -i2 | -– n | -like "i" but takes second top stack element | -
| 35 | -i3 | -– n | -like "i" but takes third top stack element. | -
| 36 | -shl | -n amount – n | -left bit shift | -
| 37 | -shr | -n amount – n | -right bit shift | -
| 38 | -or | -n1 n2 – n | -logical or | -
| 39 | -xor | -n1 n2 – n | -exclusive logical or | -
| 40 | -vidmap | -addr -- | -copy memory from "addr" to video memory. | -
| 41 | -mouse@ | -– x y button | -read mouse coordinates & buttons | -
| 42 | -vidput | -addr1 addr2 x y -- | -put image1 into image2, at location x, y | -
| 43 | -cmove | -addr1 addr2 amount | -move memory from addr1 to addr2 | -
| 44 | -cfill | -c addr amount -- | -fill memory starting at "addr" with "c" bytes. | -
| 45 | -tvidput | -addr1 addr2 x y -- | -put image with transparency support | -
| 46 | -depth | -– depth | -returns current depth of data stack. | -
| 47 | -charput | -colorfg colorbg addrsrc addrdest x y | -draw text character | -
10.1.2 kbd@ - read scancode of pressed or released key
--Returns 0 if no data available. -
-10.1.3 vidput - put image1 into image2, at location x, y
--Does clipping, so part of a big image can be mapped into smaller one. -
-10.1.4 cmove - copy memory array
--Move memory from addr1 to addr2. If addr1 is greater than addr2 then -count address foward while moving, elseway starts from end and counts -backwards, so no data loss occurs when memory regions partially -overlap. -
-10.1.5 tvidput - put image with transparency support
--Stack footprint -
--addr1 addr2 x y -- -- - -
-Put image1 into image2, at location x, y with transparency support -
- --Color 255 in source image is treated as transparent. -
-10.1.6 charput - draw text character
--Draw character to image buffer located at "addrdest" to specified x & -y location. Decodes 8 bytes from source to bits, used to draw -character. -
-11 Fifth source format
--Fifth uses a different character table and codes than ASCII (still -almost similar). I call it FSCII (Fifth Standard Code for Information -Interchange) for example space character is not 32 but 255 instead. I -plan to use mainly HEX numbers, and create new characters to represent -numeric values. So typical nemric characters "0123…" is treated -like ordinary letters. -
-11.1 FSCII
-| DEC | -HEX | -function | -
|---|---|---|
| 0 - 15 | -0 - F | -HEX numbers | -
| 252 | -FC | -backspace | -
| 253 | -FD | -tabulator (TAB) | -
| 254 | -FE | -carriage return (CR) | -
| 255 | -FF | -space | -
| else | -- | ordinary characters, same as in ASCII. | -
12 Fifth commands
-12.1 Compilation & miscellaneous
-
-init module ( – )
- First module, control is passed to on startup. Contains
- initialization routines. Also it is the last core module.
- All new modules on top of it comes as result of executing
- external source files.
-
-head <name> ( – ) compiles new dictionary entry without specifying
- new module type.
- ex: head myentry
-
-: <name> ( – ) creates new code module
-; ( – ) ends module (immideate)
- ex: : hello ." hi there" ;
-
-const <name> ( n – ) defines new constant.
- ex: 2147483647 const max
-
-:i <name> ( – ) same as ":" but this module will be executed
- immideately even in compile mode.
- ex: :i ( 41 scan ;
-
-create <name> ( – ) same as "head" , but specify module type as data.
- ex: create LotoResults 5 , 13 , 52 , 12 , 11 , 3 ,
-
-allot ( n – ) allocate n bytes in dictionary.
- ex: create MyArray 100 allot
-
-" <string>" ( – ) compile string and its size into core.
- ex: create Mystring " This is it's contects"
-
-str <name> <string>" ( – ) just shorter way for defining strings.
- ex: str Mystring This is it's contenc"
-
-var <name> ( – ) define new 32 bit variable.
- ex: var result
-
-' <module> ( – n ) return memory address of given entry.
- ex: ' init
-
-forget <name> ( – ) erases from RAM given entry and all entries what was
- defined after it.
- ex: forget myprog
-
-[ ( – ) set interpret mode (immideate)
-] ( n – ) set compile mode and compile top stack element
- in as literal. Together [ …. ] cobination provides good
- way to compute some values only once, at compile time,
- rather than every time while program is running.
- ex: : calculate - [ 4 MyConst1 + MyConst2 * ] ;
-
-defer <name> ( – ) creates new module, with jump instruction.
- Later address where to jump can be modified by "is" command.
- This provides method of foward referencing. So you can use
- modules what not jet exist.
-is ( address1 address2 – ) address1 - where to jump, address2 -
- address of module created by defer command.
- ex: defer dispver
- : run dispver ." running …" ;
- … whatever …
- : (dispver ." Version 9.99 " ;
- ' (dispver ' dispver is
-
- Now if I type "run" on the screen appears:
- Version 9.99 running …
-
-asc <char> ( – ) reads char ascii code and treats it as literal.
- (immideate)
- ex: : BreakLine 30 do asc - emit loop ;
- same as:
- : BreakLine 30 do 45 emit loop ;
-
-dyninc ( handle – ) execute code in dynamic memory handle.
- automatically deallocates it when done.
-
-include ( filenumber – ) execute code in specified file.
-
-words ( – ) display existing blocks in core.
-
-bye ( – ) exit from Fifth
-
-fkey ( – c )
- Read one byte from input stream.
-
-sadd ( c addr – )
- Add one byte "c" to string located at "addr" and updates
- string length.
-
-scan ( c – )
- Read input stream and store it to pad until it finds c .
- It ignores all "c" bytes until it finds any non "c" byte.
- in other words:
- c is: "
- input stream: """"This is test !"aoeu idh
- result: This is test !
-
- Is useful for breaking text lines into words.
-
-skey ( – c )
- So called safe "fkey". Reads data from input stream
- but converts characters with ASCII codes: 9 13 10
- to spaces.
-
-str=str? ( adr1 adr2 – result )
- Compares string at "adr1" with string at "adr2", returns
- true flag if they are equal or false if they are not.
- true = -1
- false = 0
-
-find ( – addr )
- Searches whole dictionary for word in "pad". If found,
- returns it address, if not, returns 0.
-
-execute ( – )
- Execute word located in "pad". Depending on "mode".
-
-dta ( addr – DataAddr )
- Calculates address of dictionary entry data area, from
- entry point.
-
-2num ( – num result )
- Attempt to convert string located in "pad" into numeric
- value. If succeed returns number and true as result.
- If not, returns whatever and false as result.
-
-dadd ( addr length – )
- Add to dictionary data located at "addr", with specified
- length.
-
-lit ( n – )
- Act with number depending on "mode". When interpreting,
- leaves it in stack.
-
-
-incmod ( addr – )
- Add to dictionary data located at "addr"+1 , length is taken
- from "addr".
-
-here ( – n )
- return "h" contents.
-
-mode var 8 bit
- Holds input stream parser operation mode.
- 0 = interpreting
- 1 = compiling
-
-pad var 128 bytes
- Holds temprorary strings.
-
-h var 32 bit
- Pointer to free byte in memory, always at the end of the
- dictionary. Each time when something is stored
- by "c," command, pointer is incareased.
-
-lp var 32 bit
- Pointer to last dictionary word. Each time when new word is
- compiled or erased by "forget", this pointer is updated.
-
-modulechk ( Dstr<filename> – ) check if module is loaded, if not
- immideately load it.
-
-ne ( entrydata entrytype – ) Compile new dictionary entry.
- It's name must be in "pad".
-
12.2 Conditionals & control flow
-
-if ( flag – ) (immideate)
- "if 1.. else 2.. then" or
- "if 1.. then" construction. Conditional execution.
- Performs "1.." if "flag" was true,
- elseway performs "2.." if exist. Execution continues after
- word "then".
- ex: 1 if ." nonzero" else ." zero" then
-
->= ( n1 n2 – result ) true if (n1 = n2) or (n1 > n2)
- ex: 5 3 >= if ." first number is greater or equal" then
-
-<= ( n1 n2 – result ) true if (n1 = n2) or (n1 < n2)
-= ( n1 n2 – result ) true if n1 = n2
-
-do ( count – ) (immideate)
- "do .. loop" construction. Performs ".." "count" times.
- In every step "count" is decareased until it is 0.
- ex: : test 5 do i .d loop ;
- result: 4 3 2 1 0
-
-doexit ( – ) exit from "do .. loop"
-
-for ( count top – ) (immideate)
- "for .. loop" construction. Performs ".." (top - count) times.
- In every step "count" is incareased until it reaches "top" .
- ex: : test 4 10 for i .d loop ;
- result: 4 5 6 7 8 9
-
-forexit ( – ) exit from "for .. loop"
-
-until ( – ) (immideate)
- "until .. loop" construction. Performs ".." until flag become
- true. False by default. Top of return stack holds flag.
-
-done ( – ) exit from "until .. loop"
-
-
12.3 Disk & file access
-
-diskload ( FromDisk ToMem amount – )
- Load specified abount of bytes from disk into memory.
-
-disksave ( FromMem ToDisk amount – )
- save specified abount of bytes from memory into disk.
-
-format ( – ) Erase all files.
-
-fsDfilesize@ ( handle – size )
- Return size of opened file.
-
-fsDcurloc@ ( handle – location )
- Return current location in file.
-
-fsDupdated@ ( handle – updated? )
- Return true if file was updated,
- ie. write operations occured.
-
-fssave ( FromMem DestFileHandle amount – )
- Save data to file.
-
-fsload ( SrcFileHandle ToMem amount – )
- Load data from file.
-
-fseof ( handle – bytesLeft )
- Return amount of bytes left till end of file.
- Useful before read operation.
-
-fsls ( – ) List all files and lists (directories,folders)
- in current path.
-
-fslsr ( – ) Same as "fsls" but recursively scans also sub lists.
-
-fscl ( DynStrHand – )
- Change list (path)
-
-fscreate ( DynStrHand – DescPnt )
- Create new file or list. Can create multiple lists at once.
- ex: when creating:
- "\listGAMES\listSTRATEGY\listSIMWORLD\5th-runme"
- and only "\listGAMES\" already exist, then
- "listSTRATEGY" and "listSIMWORLD" lists will be created,
- and empty file "5th-runme" placed in there.
-
-fsDsave ( DynHand<data> DynStrHand<filename> – )
- Create new file and save all data from dynamic memory
- block to it.
-
-fsDload ( DynStr<SrcFileName> DynHand<DataDest> – )
- Load whole file into dynamic memory block.
-
-fsDloadnew ( DynStr<SrcFileName> – DynHand<DataDest> )
- Load whole file into new dynamic memory block.
-
12.4 Dynamic memory
-
-dynal ( size – handle )
- Allocate dynamic memory block and return it's handle.
-
-dynde ( handle – )
- Deallocate dynamic memory block.
-
-dynp ( handle – addr )
- Returns pointer to memory where dynamic block
- data begins.
-
-dyns ( handle – size )
- Returns size of dynamic block.
-
-dynresize ( NewSize handle – )
- Nondestructively resize dynamic block.
-
-dync@ ( addr handle )
- Read one byte from dynamic block.
-
-dync! ( byte addr dynhandle )
- Write one byte to dynamic block.
-
-dyn@ ( addr handle )
- Read 32 bit number from dynamic block.
- Address will spacify, whitch number, not byte.
-
-dyn! ( 32BitNum addr dynhandle )
- Write 32 bit number to dynamic block.
- Address will spacify, whitch number, not byte.
-
-dyncon ( size "name" – )
- Allocate dynamic block with specified size, and
- create constant honding its handle.
- ex: 100 dyncon MyNewBlock
-
-dyn. ( handle – )
- Write contenc of dynamic memory block to screen.
-
12.5 Graphics and text
-
-. ( n – ) print number on screen
-
-d. ( n – ) print number on screen in decimal
-
-? ( addr – ) print 32 bit value located at addr.
-
-." <string>" ( – ) print string into screen. Immideately
- compiles.
- ex: : greeting ." Hello, World" ;
-
-tab. ( – ) print tabulator
-
-calccol ( b g r – c ) calculate color what best matches given
- Blue Green & Red values. Values must be in range 0 - 255.
-
-imgalloc ( xsize ysize – imgbuf ) allocate image buffer for
- specified size.
-
-imgsize ( imgbuf – ) print on the screen X & Y size of image
- buffer.
-
-point ( x y imgbuf – addr ) returns memory address for specified
- pixel.
-
-pset ( color x y imgbuf – ) set graphic point
-
-boxf ( x1 x2 y1 y2 imgbuf color – ) draw filled box
-
-cls ( imgbuf – ) clear image buffer
-
-setpal ( b g r color – ) set palette value for specified color.
- values bust be in size 0 - 63.
-
-putchar ( char color x y imgbuf – ) put graphic character in
- imagebuffer to specified (x & y) location.
-
-scroll ( x y imgbuf – ) scroll in imgbuf.
-
-scrollf ( color x y screen – ) scroll and fill empty space with
- given color.
-
-at! ( x y – ) set cursor location
-curc! ( color – ) set text color
-curb! ( solor – ) set backround color
-
-colnorm ( – ) set text color to normal
-colneg ( – ) set text color to negative (selected)
-
-dyntype ( dynhandle – ) display contenc of dynamic memory on screen
-fsdisp ( file – ) clear screen, display file, and wait for key
-
-type ( addr length – )
- Types on the screen string, from memory at addr and
- specified length.
-
-write ( addr – )
- Types on the screen string, from memory at "addr"+1
- length is taken from "addr" .
-
-screen const 32 bit
- Holds handle of screen buffer.
-
-copyscreen ( SrcImgHandle DestImgHandle – ) copy contenc of source
- image to destination image. Source and destination images
- must have same size.
-
12.6 Math, memory & stack manipulation
-
-off ( n – ) writes 0 to given address, good for zeroing variable.
- ex: MyVariable off
-on ( n – ) writes -1 (true flag) to given address.
- ex: MyVariable on
-
-2dup ( n1 n2 – n1 n2 n1 n2 )
-2drop ( n1 n2 – )
-nip ( n1 n2 – n2 )
-neg ( n1 – -n1 ) negotiate
-bit@ ( n bit – result ) return specified bit from n.
- ex: 38 2 bit@ (result will be 1)
-to32bit ( n1 n2 n3 n4 – n32 ) treat 4 last stack elements as bytes
- and unite them into 32 bit dword. Most significant byte
- on top.
- ex: 12 76 23 11 to32bit result: 186076172
-
-to8bit ( n32 – n1 n2 n3 n4 ) break 32 bit number into 4 bytes.
- Useful if you need to send 32 bit numbers thru 8 bit COM
- port.
- ex: 186076172 to8bit result: 12 76 23 11
-
-mod ( n1 n2 – reminder ) divide n1 by n2 and returns reminder.
- ex: 12 5 mod result: 2
-
-bound ( low n high – n ) check if n is in given bounds,
- if not then incarease/decarease it to match bounds.
- ex: 5 80 15 bound result: 15
- 5 10 15 bound result: 10
- 5 -10 15 bound result: 5
-
-bound? ( low n high – result ) returns true if n is in the
- given bounds.
-
-tab ( col – spaces) calculate amount of spaces to add
- ta reach next tabulation from given column.
-
-count ( addr – addr+1 n )
- Useful for returning bytes from constantly incareasing
- address. Module "type" is nice example.
-
-c, ( n – )
- store one byte at memory specified by "h". And incarease
- "h" by 1.
-
-, ( n – )
- store 32 bit number at memory specified by "h". And
- incarease "h" by 4.
-
-cmove ( addr1 addr2 n – )
- copy "n" amount of bytes from memory at "addr1" to memory
- at "addr2".
-
-rnd ( limit – result )
- generates random number in range 0 to "limit"-1.
-
-abs ( n – |n| )
- returns absolute value of "n"
-
12.7 Dynamic & static strings
--Fifth supports both static and dynamic strings. Static strings must -have predefined space reserved, and string mustn't exceed this -length. They manipulation is faster. But they use more memory. Static -string memory address is used to refer to the string. -
- --Dynamic strings can have at any time length form 0 to 0FFh, They take -up only memory they currently need. They are held in dynamic memory -blocks, so dynamic block handle is used to refer to this string. -
- --Both types of strings are stored in the way, where first (0th) byte -holds current string length, following bytes are string itself. -
- - -
-Dynamic:
-
-Dstral ( – handle )
- Allocate new string.
-
-Dstrlen ( handle – length )
- Return string length.
-
-c+Dstr ( chr handle – )
- Add one byte to end of the string.
-
-c+lDstr ( chr handle – )
- Add one byte to left side (beginning) of the string.
-
-Dstr. ( handle – )
- Write contec of string into screen.
-
-Dstrsure ( size Dstr – )
- Makes sure that at least rquested
- "size" (amount of characters) is allocated for given
- dynamic string.
-
-Dstr2str ( handle address – )
- Copy dyamic string into static memory space.
-
-str2Dstr ( address handle – )
- Copy static string into dyamic string.
-
-Dstr+str ( Dstr addr – )
- Add contenc of dynamic string to static string.
-
-D" any string" ( – Dstr )
- Moves specified string into dynamic string called "defDstr".
-
-D> any_string ( – Dstr )
- Moves specified string into dynamic string called "defDstr".
- Space marks end of string!
-
-D>2 any_string ( – Dstr )
- Moves specified string into dynamic string called "defDstr2".
- Space marks end of string!
-
-Dstr+Dstr ( Dstr1 Dstr2 – )
- Adds "Dstr1" to "Dstr2" and places result into "Dstr2".
-
-Dstrclear ( Dstr – )
- Clears contenc of dynamic string.
-
-Dstr2Dstr ( Dstr1 Dstr2 – )
- Moves "Dstr1" to "Dstr2".
-Dstr ( data" name – )
- Creates new dynamic string and moves specified data into it.
- Then creates new constant with given "name" holding created
- dynamic string handle.
-
- ex: Dstr Hello, my name is Sven!" message \ creates it
- message Dstr. \ tests it
-
-Dstrlscan ( char Dstr – loc )
- Searches dynamic string for "char", from left to right,
- returns first found "char" location in string, or 0,
- if not found.
-
-Dstrrscan ( char Dstr – loc )
- Searches dynamic string for "char", from right to left,
- returns first found "char" location in string, or 0,
- if not found.
-
-Dstrlscane ( char Dstr – loc )
- Same as "Dstrlscan" buf returns string length+1 as location.
-ÿ
-Dstrleft ( amo Dstr – )
- Only specified amount of characters from left remains
- in dynamic string. ie. cut right part out.
-
-Dstrright ( amo Dstr – )
- Only specified amount of characters from right remains
- in dynamic string. ie. cut left part out.
-
-Dstrcutl ( amo Dstr – )
- Cut specified amount of characters from left of dynamic
- string out.
-
-Dstrsp ( char Dstr1 Dstr2 – )
- Separate dynamic string in Dstr1 into two parts,
- using "char" as separator. First part will be stored in
- "Dstr2", second part in "Dstr1".
- ex: asc \ \ ..separator
- D> listF\listLIB\5TH_DRVMOUSE \ ..separate from
- defDstr2 \ ..place result in
- Dstrsp \ separation command
- defDstr Dstr. \ will be: listLIB\5TH_DRVMOUSE
- defDstr2 Dstr. \ will be: listF
-
-Dv ( addr – )
- Allocates empty dynamic string, and places it's handle
- into given address.
-
-Df ( addr – )
- Reads dynamic string handle from given address and
- deallocates (frees) it.
-
-ex: var mystring1
- : testmodule
- mystring1 Dv \ allocates string
-
- <whatever>
-
- mystring1 Df ; \ deallocates it again when no longer needed.
-
13 Dynamically loadable modules
-13.1 Keyboard driver
-
-
-KBD_@ ( – code ) get scancodes for pressed keys from keyboard.
-KBD_down? ( key – result ) check is key with specified scancode
- currently pressed down.
-KBD_SC2FSCII ( code – FSCII ) convert key scancode into FSCII code,
- or in FSK (Fifth standard keycode).
-KBD_F@ ( – FSCII ) read pressed key FSCII or FSK, returns -1 if no
- keys are pressed.
-KBD_FW@ ( – FSCII ) read pressed key FSCII or FSK, if no keys is
- are pressed then waits until there is.
-
- FSK
- —
-In HEX.
-
-FC backspace
-FD TAB
-FE enter
-FF space
-
-400 ESC
-401 … F1 …
-410 up
-411 right
-412 down
-413 left
-414 INS
-415 DEL
-416 home
-417 end
-418 PG/UP
-419 PG/DN
-
13.2 Mouse driver
-
-mousex var Mouse x coordinate.
-mousey var Mouse y coordinate.
-mousekeyl var Mouse left key.
-mousekeym var Mouse middle key.
-mousekeyr var Mouse right key.
-mousec var Display current mouse coordinates in top left part of screen,
- if true. (good for debugging)
-mousepointer var Image buffer, holding current mouse pointer.
-mouseadd ( ModuleAddr x1 x2 y1 y2 – ) Add specified area on screen,
- into mause click buffer. If any mouse button is clicked on
- that area, module at "ModuleAddr" will be executed.
-mousebe var Amount of buffer elements.
-mousedo ( – ) Updates mouse coordinates and keys. Parse mouse
- click buffer, and draw mouse cursor to "screen".
-
13.3 2D graphic library
-
-lineh ( color len x y imgbuf – ) draws horisontal line
- from X,Y coordinates to right, with specified length.
-linev ( color len x y imgbuf – ) draws vertical line
- down, from coordinates X,Y, with specified length.
-box ( color x2 x1 y2 y1 imgbuf – ) draws rectangular
- box. x2 bust be >= x1, y2 must be >= y1.
- x1,y1------–—+
- | |
- | |
- +------–—x2,y2
-
-flipv ( imgbuf – ) flip image vertically.
-imgcoltrans ( ImgBuf Color ToColor – ) Translate all pixels in
- specified image with "Color" into "ToColor".
-imgfill ( color x y imgbuf – ) Fill image region starting at location
- X & Y with specified color.
-
13.4 Trigonometry functions
-10.4. Trigonometry functions
+13.4.1 sin ( a – result )
-10.4.1. sin ( a – result )
+Return sinus from given angle "a", 360ø is 2000. So 1000 represents 180ø angle. Result will be in range -10'000 to 10'000, instead of ñ1.